Bennett, A.F., B.S. Chua, H.-E. Ngodock, D.E. Harrison, and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Generalized inversion of the Gent-Cane model of the Tropical Pacific with Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) data. J. Mar. Res., 64, 1-42.

Cheng, W., M.J. McPhaden, D. Zhang, and E.J. Metzger, 2006: Recent changes in the Pacific subtropical cells inferred from an eddy resolving ocean circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., submitted.

Clayson, C.A. and D. Weitlich, 2006: Variability of tropical diurnal sea surface temperature. J. Climate, submitted.

Cronin, M.F., N.A. Bond, C.W. Fairall, and R.A. Weller, 2006: Surface cloud forcing in the east Pacific stratus deck/cold tongue/ITCZ complex. J. Climate, 19, 392-409.

Cronin, M.F., C. Fairall, and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: An assessment of buoy derived and NWP surface heat fluxes in the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., in press

Feely, R.A., T. Takahashi, R. Wanninkhof, M.J. McPhaden, C.E. Cosca, S.C. Sutherland and M.-E. Carr, 2006: Decadal Variability of the Air-Sea CO₂ Fluxes in the  Equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Maes, C., K. Ando, T. Delcroix, W.S. Kessler, M.J. McPhaden, and D. Roemmich, 2006: Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06601, doi:10.1029/2005GL024772.

Ryan, J.P., I. Ueki, Y. Chao, H. Zhang, P.S. Polito, and F.P. Chavez, 2006: Western Pacific modulation of large phytoplankton blooms in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, in press.

Zhang, D., and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Decadal variability of the shallow Pacific meridional overturning circulation: relation to tropical sea surface temperatures in observations and climate change models.
Ocean Modelling, in press.

Zhang, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Wind stress variations and interannual sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 19, 226-241.

Ando K., T. Matsumoto, T. Nagahama, I. Ueki, Y. Takatsuki, and Y. Kuroda, 2005: Drift characteristics of a moored conductivity-temperature sensor and correction of salinity data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 282-291.

Bennett, A.F., B.S. Chua, H.-E. Ngodock, D.E. Harrison, and M.J. McPhaden, 2005: Generalized inversion of the Gent-Cane model of the Tropical Pacific with Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) data. J. Mar. Res., submitted.

Borovikov, A., M.M. Rienecker, C.L. Keppenne, and G.C. Johnson, 2005: Multivariate error covariance estimates by Monte-Carlo simulation for assimilation studies in the Pacific Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., submitted.

Cheng, W., M.J. McPhaden, D. Zhang, and E.J. Metzger, 2005: Recent changes in the Pacific subtropical cells inferred from an eddy resolving ocean circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., submitted.

Cronin, M.F., C. Fairall, and M.J. McPhaden, 2005: An assessment of buoy derived and NWP surface heat fluxes in the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Delcroix, T., M.J. McPhaden, A. Dessier, and Y. Gouriou,  2005: Time and space scales for sea surface salinity in the tropical oceans. Deep-Sea Res., 52, 787-813.

Feely, R.A., T. Takahashi, R. Wanninkhof, M.J. McPhaden, C.E. Cosca, S.C. Sutherland and M.-E. Carr, 2005: Decadal Variability of the Air-Sea CO₂ Fluxes in the  Equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Garcés-Vargas, J., W. Schneider, R. Abarca del Río, R. Martínez, E. Zambrano, 2005: Inter-annual variability in the thermal structure of an oceanic time series station off Ecuador (1990-2003) associated with El Niño events. Deep-Sea Res., Part I, 52, 1789-1805.

Grodsky, S.A., J.A. Carton, C. Provost, J. Servain, J.A. Lorenzzetti, and M.J. McPhaden, 2005: Tropical instability waves at 0°N, 23°W in the Atlantic: A case study using Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) mooring data. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C08010, doi:10.1029/2005JC002941.

Kaiser, J., M.K. Reuer, B. Barnett, and M.L. Bender, 2005: Marine productivity estimates from continuous O2/Ar ratio measurements by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Geophys. Res. Lett., in press.

Keenlyside, N., M. Latif, M. Botzet, M. Jungclaus, and U. Schulzweida, 2005: A coupled method for initializing El Niño Southern Oscillation forecasts using sea surface temperature. Tellus A57, 340-356.

Kelly, K.A., S. Dickinson, and G.C. Johnson, 2005: Scatterometer winds at TAO buoys reveal time-varying surface currents for the Tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., submitted.

Levinson, D.H., et al, 2005: State of the Climate in 2004. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 86(6), S1-S86.

Lyman, J.L., G.C. Johnson, and W.S. Kessler, 2005: The structure of 17 versus 33 day tropical instability waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., submitted.

Philippe, R., A.T. Weaver, N. Daget, S. Ricci, and E. Machu, 2005: Ensembles of global ocean analyses for seasonal climate prediction: impact of temperature assimilation. Tellus A57, 375-386.

Ricci, S., A.T. Weaver, J. Vialard, and P. Rogel, 2005: Incorporating State-Dependent Temperature-Salinity Constraints in the Background Error Covariance of Variational Ocean Data Assimilation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 317-338

Roundy, P.E. and G.N. Kiladis, 2005: The observed relationship between the MJO and oceanic Kelvin waves during El Niño development. J. Climate, submitted.

Seo, K.-H. and Y. Xue, 2005: MJO-related oceanic Kelvin waves and the ENSO cycle: A study with the NCEP Global Ocean Data Assimilation System. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07712, doi:10.1029/2005GL022511.

Tomita, H. and M. Kubota, 2005: Accuracy of various global latent heat flux data. J. Climate, submitted.

Vintzileos, A., M.M. Rienecker, M.J. Suarez, S.D. Schubert, and S.K. Miller, 2005: Local versus remote wind forcing of the equatorial Pacific surface temperature in July 2003. Goephys. Res. Lett., 32, L05702, doi:10.1029/2004GL021972.

Worley, S.J., S.D. Woodruff, R.W. Reynolds, S.J. Lubker, and N. Lott, 2005: ICOADS release 2.1 data and data products. Intl. J. Climatol., 25, 323-342.

Zhang, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 2005: Wind stress variations and interannual sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, in press.

Cai, W., M.J. McPhaden, and M.A. Collier, 2004: Multidecadal fluctuations in the relationship between equatorial Pacific heat content anomalies and ENSO amplitude. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01201, doi:10.1029/2003GL018714.

de Boyer Montégut, C., G. Madec, A.S. Fischer, A. Lazar, and D. Iudicone, 2004: Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12003, doi:10.1029/2004JC002378.

de Szoeke, S.P. and C.S. Bretherton, 2004: Quasi-lagrangian large eddy simulations of cross-equatorial flow in the east Pacific atmospheric boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1837-1858.

Eldin, G., T. Delcroix, and M. Rodier, 2004: The frontal area at the eastern edge of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool in April 2001. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C07006, doi:10.1029/2003JC002088.

Feely, R.A., R. Wanninkhof, W. McGillis, M.-E. Carr, and C.E Cosca, 2004: Effects of wind speed and gas exchange parameterizations on the air-sea CO₂ fluxes in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S03, doi:10.1029/2003JC001896.

Gentemann, C.L., F.J. Wentz, C.A. Mears, and D.K. Smith, 2004: In situ validation of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission microwave sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C04021, doi:10.1029/2003JC002092.

Hartten, L.M. and P.A. Datulayta, 2004: Seasonal and interannual variations in the daily cycle of winds over the Galápagos. J. Climate, 17, 4522-4530.

Johnson, E.S. and J.A. Proehl, 2004: Tropical instability wave variability in the Pacific and its relation to large-scale currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 2121-2147.

Johnson, G.C., C.L. Sabine, K.E. McTaggart, and J.M. Hummon, 2004: Physical oceanographic conditions during GasEx-2001. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S04, doi:10.1029/2002JC001718.

Kaplan, A., M.A. Cane, D. Chen, and D.L. Witter, 2004: Small-scale variability and model error in tropical Pacific sea level. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02001, doi:10.1029/2002JC001743.

Kara, A.B., H.E. Hurlburt, P.A. Rochford, and J.J. O'Brien, 2004: The impact of water turbidity on the interannual sea surface temperature simulations in a layered global ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 345-359.

Lengaigne, M., E. Guilyardi, J.P. Boulanger, C. Menkes, P. Delecluse, P. Inness, J. Cole, and J. Slingo, 2004: Triggering of El Niño by westerly wind events in a coupled general circulation model. Clim. Dyn., 23, 601-620.

Maes, C., J. Picaut, Y. Kuroda, and K. Ando, 2004: Characteristics of the convergence zone at the eastern edge of the Pacific warm pool. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11304, doi:10.1029/2004GL019867.

McPhaden, M.J., 2004: Evolution of the 2002-03 El Niño. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 677-695.

McPhaden, M.J. and D. Zhang, 2004: Pacific Ocean circulation rebounds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18301, doi:10.1029/2004GL020727.

Morss, R.E., and D.S. Battisti, 2004: Evaluating observing requirements for ENSO prediction: Experiments with an intermediate coupled model. J. Climate, 17, 3057-3073.

Morss, R.E., and D.S. Battisti, 2004: Designing efficient observing networks for ENSO prediction. J. Climate, 17, 3074-3089.

Niiler, P.P., D.-K. Lee, and J. Moisian, 2004: Observed mechanisms of El Niño SST evolution in the Pacific. J. Mar. Res., 62, 771-786.

Rajeevan, M. and M.J. McPhaden, 2004: Tropical Pacific upper ocean heat content variations and Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18203, doi:10.1029/2004GL020631.

Raymond, D.J., S.K. Esbensen, C. Paulson, M. Gregg, C.S. Bretherton, W.A. Peterson, R. Cifelli, L. K. Shay, C. Ohlmann, and P. Zuidema, 2004: EPIC2001: and the coupled ocean -atmosphere system of the tropical east Pacific. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 1341-1354.

Ricciardulli, L. and F.J. Wentz, 2004: Uncertainties in sea surface temperature retrievals from space: Comparison of microwave and infrared observations from TRMM. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12013, doi:10.1029/2003JC002247.

Schott, F.A., J.P. McCreary Jr., and G.C. Johnson, 2004: Shallow overturning circulations of the tropical-subtropical oceans. In Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. C. Wang, J. A. Carton, and S.-P. Xie (eds.), Geophysical Monograph Series 147, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, p. 261-304.

Serra, Y. and M.J. McPhaden, 2004: In situ observations of the diurnal variability in rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. J. Climate, 17, 3496-3509.

Smith, S.R., J. Servain, D.M. Legler, J.J. Stricherz, M.A. Bourassa, and J.J. O'Brien, 2004: In situ-based pseudo-wind stress products for the tropical oceans. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 979-994.

Stammer, D., K. Ueyoshi, A. Köhl, W.G. Large, S.A. Josey, and C. Wunsch, 2004: Estimating air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum through global ocean data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C05023, doi:10.1029/2003JC002082.

Strutton, P.G. and F.P. Chavez, 2004: Biological heat in the equatorial Pacific: Spatial and temporal variability. J. Climate, 17, 1097-1109.

Strutton, P.G., F.P. Chavez, R.C. Dugdale, and V. Hogue, 2004: Primary productivity in the central equatorial Pacific (3°S 130°W) during GasEx-2001. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S06, doi:10.1029/2003JC001790.

Vossepoel, F.C., A.T. Weaver, J. Vialard, and P. Delecluse, 2004: Adjustment of near-equatorial wind stress with four-dimensional variational data assimilation in a model of the Pacific Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev, 132, 2070-2083.

Wang, O., I. Fukumori, T. Lee, and G.C. Johnson, 2004: Eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean T-S variations with El Niño. Geophys. Res. Letters., 31(4), L04305, doi:10.1029/2003GL019087.

Wang, C. and J. Picaut, 2004, Understanding ENSO physics - A review. In Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J.A. Carton (eds.), American Geophysical Uninon, Geophysical Monograph 147, Washington, D.C., pp. 21-48.

Weller, R.A., F. Bradley, and R. Lukas, 2004: The Interface or Air-Sea Flux Component of the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment and Its Impact on Subsequent Air-Sea Interaction Studies. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 223-257.

Willis, J.K., D. Roemmich, and B. Cornuelle, 2004: Interannual variability in upper ocean heat content, temperature, and thermosteric expansion on global scales. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12036, doi:10.1029/2003JC002260.

Yuan, D.Y., M.M. Rienecker, and P.S. Schopf, 2004: Long wave dynamics of the interannual variability in a numerical hindcast of the equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation during the 1990s. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C05019, doi:10.1029/2003JC001936.

Zelle, H., G. Appeldoorn, G. Burgers, and G.J. van Oldenborgh, 2004: On the relationship between sea surface temperature and thermocline depth in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 643-655.

Belamari, S., J.-C. Redelsperger, and M. Pontaud, 2003: Dynamic role of a westerly wind burst in triggering an equatorial Pacific warm event. J. Climate, 16, 1869-1890.

Boulanger, J.P., S. Cravatte, and C. Menkes, 2003: Reflected and locally wind-forced interannual equatorial Kelvin waves in the western Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C10), 3311, doi:10.1029/2002JC001760.

Bowman, K.P., A.B. Phillips, and G.R. North, 2003: Comparison of TRMM rainfall retrievals with rain gauge data from the TAO/TRITON buoy array. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(14), 1757, doi:10.1029/2003GL017552.

Chelton, D.B., M.G. Schlax, J.M. Lyman and G.C. Johnson, 2003: Equatorially trapped Rossby waves in the presence of meridionally sheared baroclinic flow in the Pacific Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 56, 323-380.

Cosca, C.E., R.A. Feely, J. Boutin, J. Etcheto, M.J. McPhaden, F.P. Chavez, and P.G. Strutton, 2003: Seasonal and interannual CO₂ fluxes for the Central and Eastern euqatorial Pacific Ocean as determined by fCO₂-SST relationships. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C8), 3278, doi:10.1029/2000JC000677.

Cronin, M.F., S.-P. Xie, and H. Hashizume, 2003: Barometric pressure variations associated with eastern Pacific tropical instability waves. J. Climate, 16, 3050-3057.

Durand, F., L. Gordeau, T. Delcroix, and J. Verron, 2003: Can we improve the representation of modeled ocean mixed layer by assimilating surface only satellite-derived data? A new study for the tropical Pacific during the 1997-98 El Niño. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C6), 3200, doi:10.1029/2002JC001603.

Fujii, Y. and M. Kamachi, 2003: Three-dimensional analysis of temperature and salinity in the equatorial Pacific using a variational method with vertical coupled temperature-salinity empirical orthogonal function modes. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C9), 3297, doi:10.10129/2002JC001745.

Galanti, E., E. Tziperman, M. Harrison, A. Rosati, and Z. Sirkes, 2003: A study of ENSO prediction using a hybrid coupled model and the adjoint method for data assimilation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2748-2764.

Guilyardi, E., P. Delecluse, S. Gualdi, and A. Navarra, 2003: Mechanisms for ENSO phase change in a coupled GCM. J. Climate, 16, 1141-1158.

Hasegawa, T. and K. Hanawa, 2003: Heat content related to ENSO variability in the Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 407-421.

Ioualalen, M., Y. Wakata, Y. Kawahara, Y. Gouriou, and D. Varillon, 2003: Variability of the Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) in the western tropical Pacific: On the ability of an OGCM to simulate the SSS, and on the sampling of an operating merchant ship SSS network. J. Oceanogr., 59, 105-111.

Kara, A.B., P.A. Rochford, and H.E. Hurlburt, 2003: Mixed layer depth variability over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C3), 3079, doi:10.1029/2000JC000736.

Kennan, S.C. and P.P. Niiler, 2003: Estimating sea level slope on the equator. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2627-2642.

Kennan, S.C. and P.P. Niiler, 2003: The effects of wind forcing and pycnocline stresses on zonal currents in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2643-2656.

Kessler, W.S., G.C. Johnson, and D.W. Moore, 2003: Sverdrup and nonlinear dynamics of the Pacific equatorial currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 994-1008.

McPhaden, M.J., 2003: Tropical Pacific Ocean heat content variations and ENSO persistence barriers. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(9), 1480, doi:10.1029/2003GL016872.

Molinari, R.L., S. Bauer, D. Snowden, G.C. Johnson, B. Bourles, Y. Gouriou, and H. Mercier, 2003: A comparison of kinematic evidence for tropical cells in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G. J.Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, eds., Elsevier, 269-286.

Philander, S.G.H. and A. Fedorov, 2003: Is El Niño sporadic or cyclic? Annu. Rev. Earth Plan. Sci., 31, 579-594.

Serra, Y.L and M.J. McPhaden, 2003: Multiple time space comparisons of ATLAS buoy rain gauge measurements to TRMM satellite precipitation measurements. J. Appl. Meteorol., 42, 1045-1059.

Sloyan, B.M., G.C. Johnson, and W.S. Kessler, 2003: The Pacific cold tongue: A pathway for interhemispheric exchange. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1027-1043.

Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering, C. Eckert, P. Heimbach, J. Marotzke, A. Adcroft, C.N. Hill, and J. Marshall, 2003: Volume, heat, and freshwater transports of the global ocean circulation 1993?2000, estimated from a general circulation model constrained by World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) data. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C1), 3007, doi:10.1029/2001JC001115.

Sui, C.-H., X. Li, M.M. Rienecker, K.-M. Lau, I. Laszlo, and R.T. Pinker, 2003: The role of daily surface forcing in the upper ocean over the tropical Pacific: A numerical study. J. Climate, 15, 756-766.

Thiébaux, J., E. Rogers, W. Wang, and B. Katz, 2003: A new high-resolution blended real-time global sea surface temperature analysis. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 645-656.

Vecchi, G.A. and D.E. Harrison, 2003: On the termination of the 2002-03 El Niño event. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18), 1964, doi:10.1029/2003GL017564.

Vialard, J., C. Menkes, D.L.T. Anderson, and M.A. Balmaseda, 2003: Sensitivity of Pacific Ocean tropical instability waves to initial conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 105-121.

Vialard, J., A.T. Weaver, D.L.T. Anderson, and P. Delecluse, 2003: Three- and Four- dimensional variational assimilation with a general circulation model of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Part II: Physical validation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1379-1395.

Weaver, A.T., J. Vialard, and D.L.T. Anderson, 2003: Three- and Four- dimensional variational assimilation with a general circulation model of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Part I: Formulation, internal diagnostics, and consisteny checks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1360-1378.

Woodroffe, C.D., M.R. Beech, and M.K. Gagan, 2003: Mid-Holocene El Niño variability in the equatorial Pacific from coral micro-atolls. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(7), 1358, doi:10.10292002GL015868.

Yu, L., R.A. Weller, and W.T. Liu, 2003: Case analysis of a role of ENSO in regulating the generation of westerly wind bursts in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C4), 3128, doi:10.1029/2002JC001498.

Yuan, D. and M.M. Rienecker, 2003: Inverse estimation of sea surface heat flux over the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Seasonal cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C8), 3247 doi:10.1029/2002JC001367.

Alory, G. and T. Delcroix, 2002: Interannual sea level changes and associated mass transports in the tropical Pacific from TOPEX/Poseidon data and linear model results (1964-1999). J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), 3153, doi:10.1029/2001JC001067.

Ando, K. and Y. Kuroda, 2002: Two modes of salinity and temperature in the surface layer of the Pacific warm pool. J. Oceanogr., 58, 599-609.

Benestad, R.E. , R.T. Sutton, and D.L.T. Anderson, 2002: the effect of El Niño on intraseasonal Kelvin waves. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 1277-1291.

Bingham, F.M., S.D. Howden, and C.J. Koblinsky, 2002: Sea surface salinity measurements in the historical database. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8019, doi:10.1029/2000JC000767.

Chepurin, G.A. and J.A. Carton, 2002: Secular trend in the near-surface currents of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(17), 1828, doi:10.1029/2002GL015227.

Contreras, R.F., 2002: Long-Term Observations of Tropical Instability Waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2715-2722.

Cronin, M.F., N. Bond, C. Fairall, J. Hare, M.J. McPhaden, and R.A. Weller, 2002: Enhanced Oceanic and Atmospheric Monitoring for the Eastern Pacific. Eos Trans. AGU, 83, 205.

Cronin, M.F. and W.S. Kessler, 2002: Seasonal and interannual modulation of mixed layer variability at 0°, 110°W. Deep-Sea Res., 49, 1-7.

Cronin, M.F. and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Barrier layer formation during westerly wind bursts. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8020, doi:10.1029/2001JC001171.

Delcroix, T. and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Interannual sea surface salinity and temperature changes in the western Pacific warm pool during 1992-2000. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8002, doi:10.1029/2001JC000862.

du Penhoat, Y., G. Reverdin, and G. Caniaux, 2002: A Lagrangian investigation of vertical turbulent heat fluxes in the upper ocean during TOGA-COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C5), 3039 doi:10.1029/2001JC000926.

Ebuchi, N., H.C. Graber, and M.J. Caruso, 2002: Evaluation of wind vectors observed by QuikSCAT/SeaWinds using ocean buoy data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 2049-2062.

Eldin, G. and M. Rodier, 2002: Ocean physics and nutrient fields along 180° during an El Niño-Southern Oscillation cold phase. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C12), 8137, doi:10.1029/2002JC000746.

Feely, R.A., J. Boutin, C.E. Cosca, Y. Dandonneau, J. Etcheto, H.Y. Inoue, M. Ishii, C.L. Quéeré, D. Mackey, M. McPhaden, N. Metzl, A. Poisson, and R. Wanninkhof, 2002: Seasonal and interannual variability of CO₂ in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., 49, 2443-2469.

Harrison, D.E., R.D. Romea, and S.H. Hankin, 2002: Central equatorial Pacific zonal currents: the sverdrup balance, nonlinearity and tropical instability waves. I. annual mean dynamics. J. Mar. Res., 59, 895-919.

Harrison, D.E. and R.D. Romea, 2002: Central equatorial Pacific zonal currents: the sverdrup balance, nonlinearity and tropical instability waves. II. seasonal cycle dynamics. J. Mar. Res., 59, 921-948.

Izumo, T., J. Picaut, and B. Blanke, 2002: Tropical pathways, equatorial undercurrent variabilyty and the 1998 La Niña. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(C22), 2080, doi:10.1029/2002GL015073.

Johnson, G.C., E. Kunze, K.E. McTaggart, and D.W. Moore. 2002: Temporal and spatial structure of the Equatorial Deep Jets in the Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3396-3407.

Johnson, G.C., B.M. Sloyan, W.S. Kessler, and K.E. McTaggart, 2002: Direct measurements of upper ocean currents and water properties across the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1990's. Prog. Oceanogr., 52, 31-61.

Kara, A.B., P.A. Rochford, and H.E. Hurlburt, 2002: Air-sea flux estimates and the 1997-98 El Niño. Boundary Layer Meteorol., 103, 439-458.

Keenlyside, N. and R. Kleeman, 2002: Annual cycle of equatorial zonal currents in the pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C8), 3093, doi:10.1029/2000JC000711.

Kessler, W.S, 2002: Mean Three-Dimensional Circulation in the Northeast Tropical Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2457-2471.

Kubota, M., N. Iwasaka, S. Kizu, M. Konda, and K. Kutsuwada, 2002: Japanese Ocean Flux data sets with Use of Remote sensing Observations (J-OFURO). J. Oceanogr., 58, 213-225.

Kutsuwada, K. and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Intraseasonal variations in the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean prior to and during the 1997-98 El Niño. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1133-1149.

LeBorgne, R., R.A. Feely, and D. Mackey, 2002: Carbon fluxes in the equatorial Pacific: a synthesis of the JGOFS Programme. Deep-Sea Res., 49, 2425-2442.

Lengaigne, M., J.-P. Boulanger, C. Menkes, S. Masson, G. Madec, and P. Delecluse, 2002: Ocean response to the March 1997 westerly wind event. J. Geophys., Res., 107(C12), 8015, doi:10.1029/2001JC00841.

Lengaigne, M., G. Madec, C. Menkes, and G. Alory, 2002: Impact of isopycnal mixing on the tropical ocean circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C11), 3345, doi:10/1029/2002JC001704.

Levine, M.D., 2002: A modification of the Garrett?Munk internal wave spectrum. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3166-3181.

Lien, R.-C., E.D. D'Asaro, and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Internal waves and turbulence in the upper central equatorial Pacific: Lagrangian and Eulerian observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2619-2639.

Maes, C., M.J. McPhaden, and D. Behringer, 2002: Signatures of salinity variability in tropical Pacific Ocean dynamic height anomalies. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8012, doi:10.1029/2000JC000737.

McPhaden, M.J., 2002: Mixed layer temperature balance on intraseasonal time scales in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 15, 2632-2647.

McPhaden, M.J. and D. Zhang, 2002: Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean. Nature, 415, 603-608.

Medavaya, M., D.E. Waliser, R.A. Weller, and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Assessing ocean buoy shortwave shortwave observations using clear-sky model calculations. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C2), 3014, doi:10.1029/2000JC000558.

Matsuura, H., 2002: Observed variations of upper ocean zonal currents in the western equatorial Pacific and their relation to the local wind. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 3210, doi:10.1029/2000JC000757.

Picaut, J., E. Hackert, A.J. Busalacchi, and R. Murtugudde, 2002: Mechanisms of the 1997-1998 El Niño-La Niña, as inferred from space-based observations. J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 107(C5), 3037, doi:10.1029/2001JC000850.

Ryan, J.P., P.S. Polito, P.G. Strutton, and F.P. Chavez, 2002: Unusual large-scale phytoplankton blooms in the equatorial Pacific. Prog. Oceanogr., 55, 263-285.

Schwing, F.B., T. Murphree, L. deWitt, and P.M. Green, 2002: The evolution of oceanic and atmospheric anomalies in the northeast Pacific during the El Niño and La Niña events of 1995-2001. Prog. Oceanogr., 54, 459-491.

Serra, Y.L. and R.A. Houze, Jr., 2002: Observations of variability on synoptic time scales in the east Pacific ITCZ. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1723-1743.

Shu, L. and A.J. Clarke, 2002: Using an ocean model to examine ENSO dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 903-923.

Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, I. Fukumori, and J. Marshall, 2002: State estimation improves prospects for ocean research. Eos Trans. AGU, 83(27) p. 289ff.

Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering, C. Eckert, P. Heimbach, J. Marotzke, A. Adcroft, C. N. Hill, and J. Marshall, 2002: Global ocean circulation during 1992-1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C9), 3118, doi:10.1029/2001JC000888.

Thum, N., S.K. Esbensen, D.B. Chelton, and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Air-sea heat exchange along the Northern Sea surface temperature front in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 3361-3378.

Troccoli, A., M. Balmaseda, J. Segnschneider, J. Vialard, D.L.T. Anderson, K. Haines, T. Stockdale, F. Vitart and A.D. Fox, 2002: Salinity adjustments in the presence of temperature data assimilation, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 89-102.

Vialard, J., P. Delecluse, and C. Menkes, 2002: A modeling study of salinity variability and its effects in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1993-1999 period. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8005, doi:10.1029/2000JC000758.

Vossepoel, F.C., G. Burgers, and P.J. van Leeuwen, 2002: Effects of correcting salinity with altimeter measurements in an equatorial Pacific model. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8001, doi:10.1029/2001JC000816.

Wang, G., R. Kleeman, N. Smith, and F. Tseitkin, 2002: The BMRC Coupled General Circulation Model ENSO Forecast System. Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 975-991.

Wilson, S.G., 2002: Evaluation of various vertical mixing schemes in a tropical Pacific Ocean GCM. Ocean Modelling, 4, 291-311.

Zhang, R.-H., and S.E. Zebiak, 2002: Effect of penetrating momentum flux over the surface boundary/mixed layer in a z-coordinate OGCM of the tropical Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3616-3637.

Benestad, R.E., R.T. Sutton, M.R. Allen, and D.L.T. Anderson, 2001: The influence of subseasonal wind variability on tropical instability waves in the Pacific. Geophys. Res., Lett., 28, 2041-2044.

Bergman, J.W., H.H. Hendon, and K.M. Weickmann, 2001: Intraseasonal air-sea interactions at the onset of El Niño. J. Climate, 14, 1702-1719.

Bonekamp, H., G.J. van Oldenborgh, and G. Burgers, 2001: Variational assimilation of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean and expendible bathythermograph data in the Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation ocean general circulation model, adjusting the surface fluxes in the tropical Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,693-16,709.

Borovikov, A., M.M. Rienecker, and P.S. Schopf, 2001: Surface heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Climatology and the warming event of 1994-95. J. Climate, 14, 2624-2641.

Boulanger, J.-P., 2001: The Trident Pacific model. Part 1: simulating surface ocean currents with a linear model during the 1993-1998 TOPEX/POSEIDON period. Clim. Dyn., 17, 159-173.

Boulanger, J.-P. and C. Menkes, 2001: The Trident Pacific model. Part 2: role of long equatorial wave reflection on sea surface temperature anomalies during the 1993-1998 TOPEX/POSEIDON period. Clim. Dyn., 17, 175-186.

Chelton, D.B., S.K. Esbensen, M.G. Schlax, N. Thum, M.H. Freilich, F.J. Wentz, C.L. Gentemann, M.J. McPhaden, and P.S. Schopf, 2001: Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479-1498.

Christy, J.R, D.E. Parker, S.J. Brown, I. Macadam, M. Stendel, and W.B. Norris, 2001: Differential trends in tropical sea surface and atmospheric temperatures since 1979. Geophys. Res., Lett., 28, 183-186.

Coles, V.J. and M.M. Rienecker, 2001: North Pacific subtropical-tropical gyre exchanges in the thermocline: Simulations with two isopycnic OGCMs. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 2590-2611.

Collins, W.D., 2001: Effects of enhanced shortwave absorption on coupled simulations of the tropical climate system. J. Clim., 14, 1147-1165.

Dickinson, S., K.A. Kelly, M.J. Caruso, and M.J. McPhaden, 2001: A note on comparisons between TAO buoy and NASA scatterometer wind vectors. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 799-806.

Emery, W.J., D.J. Baldwin, P. Schlüssel, and R.W. Reynolds, 2001: Accuracy of in situ sea surface temperatures used to calibrate infrared satellite measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2387-2405.

Enfield, D.B, 2001: Evolution and historical perspective of the 1997-98 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event. Bull. Mar. Sci., 69, 7-25.

Friedrichs, M.A.M., 2001: A data assimilative marine ecosystem model of the central equatorial Pacific: Numerical twin experiments. J. Mar. Res., 59, 859-894.

Friedrichs, M.A.M., 2001: Assimilation of JGOFS EqPac and SeaWifs data into a marine ecosystem model of the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 49, 289-319.

Friedrichs, M.A.M. and E.E. Hofmann, 2001: Physical control of biological processes in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., Part I, 48, 1023-1069.

Godfrey, J.S., G.C. Johnson, M.J. McPhaden, G. Reverdin, and S.E. Wijffels, 2001: The Tropical Ocean Circulation. In: Ocean Circulation and Climate - Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean, G. Siedler, J. Church and J. Gould, eds., Academic Press, 215-246.

Grodsky, S.A. and J.A. Carton, 2001: Intense surface currents in the tropical Pacific during 1996-1998. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,673-16,684.

Hackert, E.C., A.J. Busalacchi, and R. Murtugudde, 2001: A wind comparison study using an ocean general circulation model for the 1997-98 El Niño. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2345-2362.

Halpern, D. and C.-W. Wen, 2001: Satellite observations of the southeast Pacific intertropical convergence zone. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,107-28,112.

Harrison, D.E. and G.A. Vecchi, 2001: El Niño and La Niiña equatorial Pacific thermocline depth and sea surface temperature anomalies, 1986-1998. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28., 1051-1054.

Hazeleger, W., P. de Vries, and G.J. van Oldenborg, 2001: Do tropical cells ventilate the Indo-Pacific equatorial thermocline? Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1763-1766.

Helber, R.W. and R.H. Weisberg, 2001: Equatorial upwelling in the western Pacific warm pool. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 8989-9003.

Ioualalen, M. and C. Hénin, 2001: Thermohaline variability of the western tropical Pacific during 1995-1998: On the erosion/reconstitution of the fresh pool. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6869-6879.

Johnson, G.C., M.J. McPhaden, and E. Firing, 2001: Equatorial Pacific Ocean horizontal velocity, divergence, and upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 839-849.

Kelly, K.A., S. Dickinson, M.J. McPhaden, and G.C. Johnson, 2001: Ocean currents evident in satellite wind data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2469-2472.

Kuroda, Y. and Y. Amitani, 2001: TRITON: New Ocean and Atomosphere Observing Buoy Network for Monitoring ENSO, Umi no Kenkyu, 10, 157-172 (in Japanese with English abstract).

Large, W.G., G. Danabasoglu, J.C. McWilliams, P.R. Gent, and F.O. Bryan, 2001: Equatorial circulation of a global ocean climate model with anisotropic horizontal viscosity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 518-536.

Li, X., Y. Chao, J.C. McWilliams, and L.-L. Fu, 2001: A comparison of two vertical-mixing schemes in a Pacific Ocean general circulation model. J. Clim., 14, 1377-1398.

Liu, W.T. and K.B. Katsaros, 2001: Air-sea Fluxes from Satellite Data. In: Ocean Circulation and Climate, G. Siedler, J. Church, and W.J. Gould (eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, p. 173-180.

Masina, S., N. Pinardi, and A. Navarra, 2001: A global ocean temperature and altimeter data assimilation system for studies of climate variability. Clim. Dyn., 17, 687-700.

McPhaden, M.J., T. Delcroix, K. Hanawa, Y. Kuroda, G. Meyers, J. Picaut, and M. Swenson, 2001: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Observing System. In: Observing the Ocean in the 21st Century. Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia, 231-246.

Mears, C.A., D.K. Smith, and F.J. Wentz, 2001: Comparison of Special Sensor Microwave Imager and bouy-measured wind speeds from 1987 to 1997. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11,719-11,729.

Meinen, C.S. and M.J. McPhaden, 2001: Interannual variability in warm water volume transports in the equatorial Pacific during 1993-1999. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1324-1345.

Meinen, C.S., M.J. McPhaden, and G.C. Johnson, 2001: Vertical velocities and transports in the equatorial Pacific during 1993-1999. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 3230-3248.

Nowlin, Jr., M. Briscoe, W.D., N. Smith, M.J. McPhaden, D. Roemmich, P. Chapman, and J.F. Grassle, 2001: Evolution of a sustained ocean observing system. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 1368-1376.

Perkins, M.L. and N.J. Holbrook, 2001: Can Pacific Ocean thermocline depth anomalies be simulated by a simple linear vorticity model? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1786-1806.

Picaut, J., M. Ioualalen, T. Delcroix, F. Masia, R. Murtugudde, and J. Vialard, 2001: The oceanic zone of convergence on the eastern edge of the Pacific warm pool: A synthesis of results and implications for El Niño-Southern Oscilation and biogeochemical phenomena. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2363-2386.

Polito, P.S., J.P. Ryan, W.T. Liu, and F.P. Chavez, 2001: Oceanic and atmospheric anomalies of tropical instability waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2233-2236.

Quilfen, Y., B. Chapron, and D. Vandemark, 2001: The ERS scatterometer wind measurement accuracy: Evidence of seasonal and regional biases. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18, 1684-1697.

Radenac, M.-H., C. Menkes, J. Vialard, C. Moulin, Y. Dandonneau, T. Delcroix, C. Dupouy, A. Stoens, and P.-Y. Deschamps, 2001: Modeled and observed impacts of the 1997-1998 El Niño on nitrate and new production in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 26,879-26,898.

Segschneider, J., D L.T. Anderson, J. Vialard, M. Balmaseda, and T.N. Stockdale, 2001: Initialization of Seasonal Forecasts Assimilating Sea Level and Temperature Observations. J. Clim., 22, 4292-4307.

Send, U., R. Weller, S. Cunningham, C. Eriksen, T. Dickey, M. Kawabe, R. Lukas, M. McCartney, and S. Osterhus, 2001: Oceanographic time series observatories. In: Observing the Ocean in the 21st Century. Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia, 376-390.

Serra, Y.L., P.A'Hearn, H.P. Freitag, and M.J. McPhaden, 2001: ATLAS self-siphoning rain gauge error estimates. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18, 1989-2002.

Strutton, P.G., J.P. Ryan, and F.P. Chavez, 2001: Enhanced chlorophyll associated with tropical instability waves in the equatorial Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2005-2008.

Tian, B., G.J. Zhang, and V. Ramanathan, 2001: Heat balance in the Pacific wrm pool atmosphere during TOGA COARE and CEPEX. J. Clim., 14, 1881-1893.

Turk, D., M.J. McPhaden, M.R. Lewis, and A.J. Busalacchi, 2001: Remotely-sensed biological production in the Tropical Pacific during 1992-1999. Science, 293, 471-474.

Ulloa, O., R. Escribano, S. Hormazabal, R.A. Quiñones, R.R. González, and M. Ramos, 2001: Evolution and biological effects of the 1997-98 El Niño in the upwelling ecosystem off northern Chile. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1591-1594.

Vialard, J., C. Menkes, J.-P. Boulanger, P. Delecluse, E. Guilyardi, M.J. McPhaden, and G. Madec, 2001: A model study of oceanic mechanisms affecting equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature during the 1997-98 El Niño. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1649-1675.

Wakata, Y., 2001: Kelvin waves excited ny intraseasonal wind forcing. J. Oceanogr., 57, 693-707.

Wang, W. and M.J. McPhaden, 2001: Surface layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1997-98 El Niño and the 1998-99 La Niiña. J. Clim., 14, 3393-3407.

Wang, W. and M.J. McPhaden, 2001: What is the mean seasonal cycle of surface heat flux in the equatorial Pacific? J. Geophys. Res., 106, 837-857.

Wilson, C. and D. Adamec, 2001: Correlations between surface chlorophyll and sea surface height in the tropical Pacific during the 1997-1999 El Niño - Southern Oscillation event. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 31,175-31,188.

Zeng, X. and Y. He, 2001: Surface evaporation at very high sea surface temperatures. In: Dynamics of Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation and Climate. China Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, 508-520.

Zhang, C., 2001: Double ITCZs. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11,785-11,792.

Zhang, C., 2001: Intraseasonal perturbations in sea surface temperatures of the equatorial eastern Pacific and their association with the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Clim., 14, 1309-1322.

Bennett, A.F., B.S. Chua, D.E. Harrison, and M.J. McPhaden, 2000: Generalized inversion of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) data and a coupled model of the tropical Pacific. II: La Niña, error statistics, and array assessment. J. Clim., 13, 2770-2785.

Boss, S.K., 2000: Adventures in data analysis: The TAO array and the 1997-98 El Niño. Math. Geol., 32, 159-185.

Burns, S.P., D. Khelif, C.A. Friehe, P. Hignett, A.G. Williams, A.L.M. Grant, J.M. Hacker, D.E. Hagan, Y.L. Serra, D.P. Rogers, E.F. Bradley, R.A. Weller, C.W. Fairall, S.P. Anderson, C.A. Paulson, and P. A. Coppin, 2000: Comparisons of aircraft, ship, and buoy radiation and SST measurements from TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15,627-15,652.

Carton, J.A., G. Chepurin, X. Cao, and B. Giese, 2000: A simple ocean data assimilaton analysis of the global upper ocean 1950-95. Part I: Methodology. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 294-309.

Carton, J.A., G. Chepurin, and X. Cao, 2000: A simple ocean data assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950-95. Part II: Results. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 311-326.

Chakraborty, D.R., R.C.-Torres, and D. Oosterhof, 2000: Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Modeling of the El Niño of 1997-98. J. Clim., 13, 2428-2459.

Chambers, D.P., J. Chen, R.S. Nerem, and B.D. Tapley, 2000: Interannual mean sea level change and the earth's water mass budget. Geophy. Res. Lett., 27(19), 3073-3076

Chelton, D.B., M.H. Freilich, and S.K. Esbensen, 2000: Satellite observations of the wind jets off the Pacific coast of Central America. Part I: Case studies and statistical characteristics. Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1993-2018.

Cronin, M.F., M.J. McPhaden, and R.H. Weisberg, 2000: Wind forced reversing jets in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 30, 657-676.

Delcroix T., B. Dewitte B., Y. duPenhoat., F. Masia, and J. Picaut, 2000: Equatorial waves and warm pool displacements during the 1992-1998 ENSO events. Observation and modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 26,045-26,062.

Durand F. and T. Delcroix, 2000: A note on the variability of the tropical Pacific thermal structure during the 1979-1996 period, as deduced from XBT sections. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 3261-3269.

Fedorov, A.V. and W.K. Melville, 2000: Kelvin fronts on the equatorial thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1692-1705.

Fedorov, A.V. and S.G. Philander, 2000: Is El Niño Changing? Science, 288, 1997-2001.

Gourdeau, L., J. Verron, T. Delcroix, A.J. Busalacchi, and R. Murtugudde, 2000: Assimilation of Topex/Poseidon altimetric data in a primitive equation model of the tropical Pacific Ocean, during the 1992-1996 ENSO period. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 105, 8473-8488.

Harrison, D.E., G.A. Vecchi, and R.H. Weisberg, 2000: Eastward surface jets in the central equatorial Pacific, November 1991-March 1992. J. Mar. Res., 58, 735-754.

Ji, M., R.W. Reynolds, and D.W. Behringer, 2000: Use of TOPEX/POSEIDON sea level data of ocean analyses and ENSO prediction: some early results. J. Clim., 13, 216-231.

Johnson, G.C., M.J. McPhaden, G.D. Rowe, and K.E. McTaggart, 2000: Upper equatorial Pacific Ocean current and salinity variability during the 1996-98 El Niño-La Niña cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1037-1053.

Kennan, S.C. and P.J. Flament, 2000: Observations of a tropical instability vortex. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 2277-2301.

Kessler, W.S. and R. Kleeman, 2000: Rectification of the Madden-Julian Oscillation into the ENSO cycle. J. Clim., 13, 3560-3575.

Lawrence, S.P. and J.P. Angell, 2000: Evidence for Rossby Wave Control of Tropical Instability Waves in the Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2257-2260.

Maes, C., 2000: Salinity variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1993-98 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1659-1662.

Maes, C. and D. Behringer, 2000: Using satellite-derived sea level and temperature profiles for determining the salinity variability: A new approach. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 8537-8547.

Maes, C., D. Behringer, R.W. Reynolds, and M. Ji, 2000: Retrospective analysis of the salinity variability in the western tropical Pacific Ocean using an indirect minimization approach. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 512-524.

Meinen, C.S. and M.J. McPhaden, 2000: Observations of warm water volume changes in the equatorial Pacific and their relationship to El Niño and La Niña. J. Clim., 13, 3551-3559.

Murakami, H., J. Ishizaka, and H. Kawamura, 2000: ADEOS observations of chlorophyll a concentration, sea surface temperature, and wind stress change in the equatorial Pacific during the 1997 El Niño onset. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19,551-19,559.

Murray, M.J., M.R. Allen, C.J. Merchant, A.R. Harris, and C.J. Donlon, 2000: Direct observations of Skin-Bulk SST variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1171-1174.

Nightingale, P.D., P.S. Liss, and P. Schlosser, 2000: Measurements of air-sea gas transfer during an open ocean algal bloom. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2117-2120.

Ngodock, H.E., B.S. Chua, and A.F. Bennett, 2000: Generalized inverse of a reduced gravity primitive equation ocean model and Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean data. Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1757-1777.

Nystuen, J.A., M.J. McPhaden, and H.P. Freitag, 2000: Surface measurements of precipitation from an ocean mooring: The underwater acoustic log from the South China Sea. J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 2182-2197.

Polito, P.S., O.T. Sato, and W.T. Liu, 2000: Characterization and validation of the heat storage variability from TOPEX/Poseidon at four oceanographic sites. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 16,911-16,922

Quilfen, Y., A. Bentamy, P. Delecluse, K. Katsaros, and N. Grima, 2000: Prediction of sea level anomalies using ocean circulation model forced by scatterometer wind and validation using TOPEX/Poseidon data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 38, 1871-1884.

Richards, K.J. and M.E. Inall, 2000: The upper ocean heat content of the western equatorial Pacific: processes controlling its change during the Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 97,575-19,590.

Rowe, G.D., E. Firing, and G.C. Johnson, 2000: Pacific equatorial subsurface countercurrent velocity, transport, and potential vorticity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1172-1187.

Strutton, P.G. and F.P. Chavez, 2000: Primary productivity in the equatorial Pacific during the 1997-1998 El Niño. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26,089-26,101.

Thuburn, J. and R.T. Sutton, 2000: The seasonal cycle of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature in a coupled GCM. Clim. Dyn., 16, 935-947.

Ueki, I, K. Kutsuwada, H. Inaba, and A. Kaneko, 2000: Quasi-2-day signals observed in the warm pool region during TOGA/COARE IOP. J. Oceanogr., 56, 539-552.

Vossepoel, F.C. and D.W. Behringer, 2000: Impact of sea level assimilation on salinity variability in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Phys., Oceanogr., 30, 1706-1721.

Wang, W. and M.J. McPhaden, 2000: The surface layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Part II: Interannual variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 2989-3008.

Weisberg, R.H. and L. Qiao, 2000: Equatorial upwelling in the central Pacific estimated from moored velocity profilers. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 105-124.

Wentz, F.J., C. Gentemann, D. Smith, and D. Chelton, 2000: Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature through clouds. Science, 288, 847-850.

Wilson, S.G., 2000: How ocean vertical mixing and accumulation of warm surface water influence the "sharpness" of the equatorial thermocline. J. Clim., 13, 3638-3656.

Yoneyama, K. and M. Katsumata, 2000: Overview of the RV Mirai Nauru99 cruise. Sea and Sky (Marine Meteorol. Soc.), 76, 59-63.

Yu, Z. and D.W. Moore, 2000: Validating the NSCAT winds in the vicinity of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2121-2124.

Yuter, S.E. and R.A. Houze Jr., 2000: The 1997 Pan American Climate Studies Tropical Eastern Pacific Process Study. Part I: ITCZ Region. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 81, 451-481.

Zhang C. and M.J. McPhaden, 2000: Intraseasonal surface cooling in the equatorial western Pacific. J. Clim., 13, 2261-2276.

Zhang, S., A.J. Plueddemann, S.P. Anderson, and R.A. Weller, 2000: Surface fluxes and their influence on sea surface temperature in the western equatorial Pacific during the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6341-6358.

Boutin, J., and collaborators, 1999: Satellite sea surface temperature: A powerful tool for interpreting in situ pCO₂ measurement in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Tellus, 51B, 490-508.

Burns, S.P., D. Khelif, C.A. Friehe, A.G. Williams, P. Hignett, A.L.M. Grant, J.M. Hacker, D.P. Rogers, E.F. Bradley, R.A. Weller, M.F. Cronin, S.P. Anderson, C.W. Fairall, and C.A. Paulson, 1999: Comparisons of aircraft, ship, and buoy meteorological measurements from TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res, 104, 30,853-30,883.

Chavez, F.P., P.G. Strutton, G.E. Friederich, R.A. Feely, G.C. Feldman, D.G. Foley, and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Biological and chemical response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-1998 El Niño. Science, 28, 2126-2131.

Cronin, M.F., and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Diurnal cycle of rainfall and surface salinity in the western Pacific warm pool. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3465-3468

Fukumori, I., R. Raghunath, L-L. Fu, and Y. Chao, 1999: Assimilation of TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data into a global ocean circulation model: How good are the results? J. Geophys. Res., 104, 25,647-25,665.

Grima, N., A. Bentamy, K. Katsaros, Y. Quilfen, P. Delecluse, and C. Levy, 1999: Sensitivity of an oceanic general circulation model forced by satellite wind fields. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7967-7989.

Harrison, D.E., and G.A. Vecchi, 1999: On the termination of El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1593-1596.

Huang, B. and Z. Liu, 1999: Pacific subtropical-tropical thermocline water exchange in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction ocean model. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11,065-11,076.

Johnson, G.C. and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Interior pycnocline flow from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 3073-3089.

Kelly, K.A., S. Dickinson, and Z. Yu, 1999: NSCAT tropical wind stress maps: Implications for improving ocean modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11,291-11,310.

Kessler, W.S., 1999: Interannual variability of the subsurface high salinity tongue south of the equator at 165°E. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2038-2049.

Lagerloef, G.S.E., G.T. Mitchum, R. Lukas, and P.P. Niiler, 1999: Tropical Pacific near surface currents estimated from altimeter, wind, and drifter data. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 23,313-23,326..

Large, W.G. and P.R. Gent, 1999: Validation of vertical mixing in an equatorial ocean model using large eddy simulations and observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 449-464.

Leonard, C.L., C.R. McClain, R. Murtugudde, E.E. Hofmann, and L.W. Harding, Jr., 1999: An iron-based ecosystem model of the central equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1325-1341.

Maes, C. and D. Behringer, 1999: Sur une méthode d'analyse en composantes principales pour déterminer la variabilité haline des couches superficielles océanuques: application à l'océan Pacifique tropical ouest. On a principal component analysis to estimate the upper oceanic variability of salinity: application to the western tropical Pacific Ocean. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planètes/Earth & Planetary Sciences, 329, 597-602.

Maes, C., 1999: A note on the vertical scales of temperature and salinity and their signature in dynamic height in the western Pacific Ocean: Implications for data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11,037-11,048.

McPhaden, M.J., 1999: Genesis and evolution of the 1997-98 El Niño. Science, 283, 950-954.

McPhaden, M.J., 1999: El Niño: The child prodigy of 1997-98. Nature, 398, 559-562.

McPhaden, M.J. and X. Yu, 1999: Equatorial waves and the 1997-98 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2961-2964.

Merchant, C.J. and A.R. Harris, 1999: Toward the elimination of bias in satellite retrievals of sea surface temperature 2. Comparison with in situ measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,579-23,590.

Moore, A.M. and R. Kleeman, 1999: The non-normal nature of El Niño and intraseasonal variability. J. Clim., 12, 2965-2982.

Philander, S.G.H., 1999: A review of tropical ocean-atmosphere interactions. Tellus, 51A-B, 71-90.

Schneider, E.K., B. Huang, Z. Zhu, D.G. DeWitt, J.L. Kinter III, B.P. Kirman, and J. Shukla, 1999: Ocean data assimilation, initialization, and predictions of ENSO with a coupled GCM. Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 1187-1207.

Seidel, H. and B.S. Giese, 1999: Equatorial currents in the Pacific Ocean, 1992-1997. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7849-7863.

Stoens, A., C. Menkès, M.H. Radenac, Y. Dandonneau, N. Grima, G. Eldin, L. Mémery, C. Navarette, J.M. André, T. Moutin, and P. Raimbault, 1999: The coupled physical-new production system in the equatorial Pacific during the 1992-1995 El Niño. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3323-3339.

Vossepoel, F.C., R.W. Reynolds, and L. Miller, 1999: Use of sea level observations to estimate salinity variability in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1401-1415.

Wang, W. and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: The surface layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Part I: Mean seasonal cycle. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1812-1831.

Wentz, F.J., and D.K. Smith, 1999: A model function for the ocean-normalized radar cross section at 14 GHz derived from NSCAT observations. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11,449-11,514.

Yu, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Dynamical analysis of seasonal and interannual variability in the Equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2350-2369

Yu, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 1999: Seasonal variability in the equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 925-947.

Zeng, X., M. Zhao, R.E. Dickinson, and Y. He, 1999: A multi-year hourly sea surface skin temperature dataset derived from the TOGA-TAO bulk temperature and wind speed over the Tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2503-2514.

Anderson, S.P. and M.F. Baumgartner, 1998: Radiative heating errors in naturally ventilated air temperature measurements made from buoys. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 157-173.

Behringer, D.W., M. Ji, and A. Leetmaa, 1998: An improved coupled model for ENSO prediction and implications for ocean initialization. Part I: The ocean data assimilation system. Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 1013-1021.

Bennett, A.F., B.S. Chua, D.E. Harrison, and M.J. McPhaden, 1998: Generalized inversion of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) data and a coupled model of the tropical Pacific. J. Clim., 11, 1768-1792.

Chambers, D.P., J.C. Ries, C.K. Shum, and B.D. Tapley, 1998: On the use of tide gauges to determine altimeter drift. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12,885-12,890.

Chambers, D.P., B.D. Tapley, and R.H. Stewart, 1998: Measuring heat storage changes in the equatorial Pacific: A comparison between TOPEX altimetry and Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean buoys. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18,591-18,598,

Chavez, F.P., P.G. Strutton, and M.J. McPhaden, 1998: Biological-physical coupling the central equatorial Pacific during the onset of the 1997-98 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3543-3546.

Cronin, M.F. and M.J. McPhaden, 1998: Upper ocean salinity balance in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 27,567-27587.

Davey, M.K. and D.L.T. Anderson, 1998: A comparison of the 1997/98 El Niño with other such events. Weather, 53, 295-302.

Delcroix, T. and J. Picaut, 1998: Zonal displacement of the western equatorial Pacific "fresh pool." J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1087-1098.

Delcroix, T, 1998: Observed surface oceanic and atmospheric variability in the tropical Pacific at seasonal and ENSO timescales: A tentative overview. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18,611-18,634.

Delcroix, T., L. Gourdeau, and C. Hénin, 1998: Sea surface salinity changes along the Fiji-Japan shipping track during the 1996 La Niña and 1997 El Niño period. Geophys. Res. lett., 25, No 16, 3169-3172.

Deser, C. and C.A. Smith, 1998: Diurnal and semidiurnal variations of the low-level wind field over the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Clim., 11, 1730-1748.

Godfrey, J.S., R.A. Houze Jr., R.H. Johnson, R. Lukas, J.-L. Redelsperger, A. Sumi, and R. Weller, 1998: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE): An interim report. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,395-14,450.

Gourdeau, L., 1998: Internal tides observed at 2°S-156°E by in situ and TOPEX/POSEIDON data during the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE). J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12,629-12,638.

Halpern, D., M. Ji, A. Leetmaa, and R.W. Reynolds, 1998: Influence of assimilation of subsurface temperature measurements on simulations of equatorial undercurrent and south equatorial current along the Pacific equator. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 1471-1477.

Hartten, L.M., 1998: Reconciliation of surface and profiler winds at ISS sites. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 826-834.

Hendon, H.H., B. Liebmann, and J.D. Glick, 1998: Oceanic Kelvin Waves and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 88-101.

Hénin, C., Y. du Penhoat, and M. Ioualalen, 1998: Observations of Sea Surface salinity in the western Pacific fresh pool: Large-scale changes in 1992-1995. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7523-7536.

Inall, M.E., K.J. Richards, and G. Eldin, 1998: The changing structure of the upper ocean in the western equatorial Pacific during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 21,385-21,400.

Kaplan, A., M.A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, A.C. Clement, M.B. Blumenthal, and B. Rajagopalan, 1998: Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991 (Paper 98JC01736). J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18,567-18,590.

Kessler, W.S., L.M. Rothstein, and D. Chen, 1998: The annual cycle of SST in the eastern tropical Pacific, diagnosed in an ocean GCM. J. Clim., 11, 777-799.

Kubota, M. and H. Yokota, 1998: Construction of surface wind stress fields with high temporal resolution by using the ERS-1 scatterometer data. J. Oceanogr., 54, 247-256.

Kutsuwada, K., 1998: Impact of wind/wind-stress field in the North Pacific constructed by ADEOS/NSCAT data. J. Oceanogr., 54, 301-314.

Lagerloef, G.S.E., R. Lukas, R.A. Weller, and S.P. Anderson, 1998: Upper ocean feedback. J. Clim., 11, 2297-2309.

Lawrence, S.P., M.R. Allen, D.L.T. Anderson, and D.T. Llewellyn-Jones, 1998: Effects of subsurface ocean dynamics on instability waves in the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18,649-18,664.

Lee, H.-H., P.-S. Chu, C.-H. Sui, and K.-M. Lau, 1998: On the annual cycle of latent heat fluxes over the equatorial Pacific using TAO buoy Observations. J. Meteorol., Soc. of Japan, 76, 909-923.

Li, X., C.-H. Sui, D. Adamec, and K.-M. Lau, 1998: Impacts of precipitation in the upper ocean in the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5347-5359.

Maes, C., P. Delecluse, and G. Madec, 1998: Impact of westerly wind bursts on the warm pool of the TOGA-COARE domain in an OGCM. Clim. Dyn., 14, 55-70.

May, D.A., M.M. Parmeter, D.S. Olszewski, and B.D. McKenzie, 1998: Operational processing of satellite sea surface temperature retrievals at the Naval Oceanographic Office. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 397-407.

McPhaden, M.J., A.J. Busalacchi, R. Cheney, J.R. Donguy, K.S. Gage, D. Halpern, M. Ji, P. Julian, G. Meyers, G.T. Mitchum, P.P. Niiler, J. Picaut, R.W. Reynolds, N. Smith, K. Takeuchi, 1998: The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) observing system: A decade of progress. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,169-14,240.

Milliff, R.F., T.J. Hoar, and R.A. Madden, 1998: Fast, eastward-moving disturbances in the surface winds of the equatorial Pacific. Tellus, 50A, 26-41.

Morris, M.Y., D.H. Roemmich, G. Meyers, and R. Weisberg, 1998: Upper ocean heat and freshwater advection in the western Pacific Ocean.